Notes
- Notes may be listed at the bottom of the page on which the source is referenced (footnotes) OR at the end of the paper (endnotes). Please be consistent and choose to use either footnotes or endnotes, but not both
- Include a note (either endnote or footnote) every time that you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase or summary
- Begin the note with the author's first and last name; then list the title; and then give the publishing information and page numbers
- Titles of books and periodicals (i.e., journals) should be italicized; quotation marks should be used for chapters, essays, poems, or articles, and the publisher information should not be abbreviated
- Commas are used to separate the different "sections" or "elements":
e.g., Peter Holman, The History of the Raj: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Dorset Press, 1996), 18.
- For both footnotes and endnotes, use a superscript number (small numbers raised to the top of the line) that corresponds to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced. The foot/endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space
Tip: Use the footnote feature of your word processing software to help format your notes.
- The first note referring to a work must use the full note style. Any following citations for that work can be shortened using the "subsequent note" format. The shortened form should include information for readers to find the full title or direct them to the bibliography. Each example in this guide shows the formatting for full notes and subsequent notes
e.g., 1. Barton Glick, The Dirt of Babylon (New York: Prudence, 2010), 15.
2. Glick, The Dirt, 15.
NOTE: The 17th edition of Chicago Style no longer supports the use of "ibid." for repeating citations. Please use the subsequent note form.